Glossary & sources

Glossary

Attestation / atestación

A certifier-signed statement binding a standard and a scope to a producer's public key, with a validity window. This project's core object. See spec § 2.

BPA — Buenas Prácticas Agrícolas

Good Agricultural Practices. SENASA's voluntary, free-of-charge certification covering safe agrochemical use, hygiene, traceability and working conditions. Not organic certification. More.

Contract terms

In GNU Taler, the complete signed description of an order — amount, products, deadlines, merchant key. Hashed to h_contract_terms and signed as merchant_sig. The carrier for everything this protocol adds. More.

Exchange

The Taler component that holds settlement funds and issues blind-signed coins. Learns that coins were spent; cannot link them to withdrawals.

Farmgate price

The price a producer receives at the point of sale from the farm, before transport, handling and retail. Frequently de-linked from production cost.^[8]

Instance

A merchant identity within a Taler merchant backend, with its own signing keys. Lets shared infrastructure serve many producers without holding their keys — load-bearing for producer-as-merchant.

Kilo-token

This project's term for one unit of a Taler token family standing for one kilogram certified under a standard for a season. Blind-signed, bounded, burned on sale. More.

Mass balance

The requirement that certified output not exceed certified input. The characteristic organic fraud is a mass-balance violation with valid paperwork. More.

Organismo de certificación (OC)

A certification body authorised and registered by SENASA to certify organic production in Peru. Eleven are registered, alongside four SGPs.^[4]

Predio

A farm property or holding; the unit of BPA certification.

RTPO

Reglamento Técnico para los Productos Orgánicos, D.S. 044-2006-AG. The technical regulation defining what may be marketed as organic in Peru.

SENASA

Servicio Nacional de Sanidad Agraria. Peru's national agricultural health authority and, under art. 5 of Ley 29196, the national authority for organic production. Its public registry is this project's root of trust.

SGP — Sistema de Garantía Participativo

Participatory Guarantee System. Certification built from direct relationships among producer organisations, consumers and institutions, rather than a single accredited auditor. Recognised for small producers on the domestic market by Ley 30983. More.

SOE — Strengthening Organic Enforcement

USDA rule tightening organic supply-chain traceability, electronic import certificates and certifier oversight. An institutional response to the same problem this project attacks cryptographically.

Standard

In attestation terms, the identifier of the certification scheme being attested — pe.rtpo.organico.sgp, pe.senasa.bpa. Registry.

Token family

A Taler construct grouping tokens issued under one slug with shared metadata and issuing keys.^[6] Repurposed here as a season's certified quantity.

TRACES

The European Commission's Trade Control and Expert System, through which certificates of inspection for organic imports are issued.

Sources

Peruvian law and regulation

1. Ley N° 29196, Ley de Promoción de la Producción Orgánica o Ecológica. PDF, gob.pe
2. Ley N° 30983, modifying Ley 29196 to develop certification of organic products from small producers. El Peruano · UNEP LEAP
3. SENASA, Reglamento de certificación y fiscalización de la producción orgánica. PDF, senasa.gob.pe
4. SENASA, Lista de entidades de certificación de la producción orgánica registradas ante SENASA. gob.pe
5. SENASA, Producción Orgánica campaign page; Sello Nacional de Producción Orgánica; Sello BPA. gob.pe · Sello BPA

GNU Taler

6. GNU Taler, DD 46: Contract Format v1. docs.taler.net
7. GNU Taler, Merchant Backend RESTful API; Merchant Backend Operator Manual; Merchant Point of Sale App Manual. API · Operator · POS

Economics and value chains

8. IDH, Sourcing decisions on price should be a function of value and risk. idh.org
9. Springer, Sustainable circular strategies and short supply chains among smallholder producers: the case of Peru's Agroferias Campesinas, Agricultural and Food Economics (2025). link.springer.com
10. Nature Sustainability, A scoping review of market links between value chain actors and small-scale producers in developing regions (2020). nature.com

Participatory guarantee systems

11. RAAA, Impulsar el SGP en el Perú para garantizar la calidad orgánica. raaa.org.pe
12. SENASA, Incorporan Sistema de Garantía Participativo para certificación de productos orgánicos; II Reforma Agraria … Arequipa. senasa.gob.pe
13. CGIAR/CIP, Manual de procedimientos para el sistema de garantía participativo del Consejo Regional SGP – Lima. cgspace.cgiar.org
14. IDMA, Guía de facilitación: certificación de la producción orgánica en la agricultura familiar. PDF, idmaperu.org
15. Participatory Guarantee Systems: organic certification to empower farmers and strengthen communities. ResearchGate

Fraud, enforcement and export regimes

16. USDA AMS, fraudulent organic certificates and enforcement. ams.usda.gov
17. USDA AMS, Strengthening Organic Enforcement rule and outreach materials. ams.usda.gov
18. European Commission, organic farming trade and TRACES. ec.europa.eu
19. CCPB, The impact of EU Regulation 848/2018 and Strengthening Organic Enforcement by USDA NOP on imports from third countries. ccpb.it
20. Fairtrade International, adaptations for Fairtrade organic producer organisations under EU 2018/848. PDF, fairtrade.net
21. Control Union, Peru organic certification services. controlunion.com